China Umgangatho we-DC Inverter Supplier

Ukuhlelwa

Uhlobo

Uluhlu lwamandla

Iimpawu eziphambili

Ngesicelo

Umguquleli womtya

1kW – 150kW

Igalelo leMPPT ezininzi, iziphumo zesigaba se-3, urhwebo / indawo yokuhlala, i-98% + ukusebenza kakuhle

Inverter ephakathi

100kW – 10MW+

Iyunithi enye enkulu, i-utility-scale, i-transformer-coupled, i-cost-effective per watt

Microinverter

250W - 2000W

Inqanaba lemodyuli, iphaneli nganye yeMPPT, ukunyamezela kwe-shading ephuculweyo, ukuthembeka okuphezulu

I-Hybrid Inverter

3kW – 50kW

Ukudityaniswa kokugcinwa kwebhetri, ukuhamba kwamandla okubini, ukukwazi ukugcina amandla

I-Optimizer yamandla

300W - 1000W

I-DC-DC converter + inverter yomtya, ukulungelelaniswa kwenqanaba lemodyuli, ukuvalwa ngokukhawuleza

NgeTopology

Isiguquli esekwe

1kW – 10MW

I-galvanic yodwa, yomelele, inzima, iphantsi ukusebenza kakuhle (96-97%)

Transformerless

1kW – 250kW

Ukusebenza okuphezulu (98% +), ukukhanya, ukuvuza ulawulo lwangoku olufunekayo

H-Bridge

Zonke iireyithingi

I-topology yokutshintsha okusisiseko, ulawulo lwe-PWM, ukuphuma kwe-sine wave

Amanqanaba amaninzi (3-level NPC/T-type)

10kW – 10MW+

Ukunciphisa ilahleko yokutshintsha, umgangatho ongcono wamaza, amandla ombane aphezulu

Ngokufaka iVoltage

Umbane ophantsi

200V - 500V DC

Iinkqubo zokuhlala, ulungelelwaniso lomtya omnye

Umbane ophakathi

500V - 1000V DC

Iinkqubo zorhwebo, i-1000V NEC umda e-US

Umbane oPhezulu

1000V - 1500V DC

I-Utility-scale, i-1500V ibe yinto eqhelekileyo, iyancipha iindleko ze-BOS 

NgePhumo

Isigaba esinye

1kW – 10kW

Indawo yokuhlala, 230V/120V, 50/60Hz

Isigaba sesithathu

5kW – 10MW+

EzoRhwebo/zemveliso, 400V/480V, idityaniswe kwigridi

Iqonga

Umsebenzi

Ukuphunyezwa koBugcisa

DC Input Stage

Yamkela i-DC eguquguqukayo ukusuka kuluhlu lwe-PV, ukuhluza, ukukhuselwa

I-DC filter capacitors, ukhuseleko lokutyanda, ukukhuselwa umva polarity, esweni amandla ombane

Inqanaba leMPPT

Yenyusa ukutsalwa kwamandla ngokulandela umkhondo wombane/okhoyo ngoku

I-Buck-Boost okanye i-Boost converter, i-perturb kunye nokuqwalasela (i-P&O) okanye i-algorithm yokuqhuba eyongezelelweyo, i-99%+ yokulandelela ukusebenza kakuhle

Ukuguqulwa kwe-DC-AC

Iguqula i-DC ibe yi-AC isebenzisa ukutshintshwa kwe-frequency ephezulu

IGBT okanye i-SiC MOSFET H-bridge, ulawulo lwe-PWM (2-20kHz), ulawulo lwexesha elifileyo

Uhluzo lweziphumo

Isusa i-harmonics ye-high-frequency, igudisa i-waveform

I-LCL okanye i-LC filter, i-resistors yokudambisa, <3% THD

UQhagamshelwano lweGridi

Ingqamanisa negridi, ukuthotyelwa komgangatho wamandla

I-loop evaliweyo yesigaba (i-PLL), ukukhuselwa kwe-anti-islanding, ulawulo lwamandla olusebenzayo

Ulawulo & nokuHlola

Ulawulo lwenkqubo, ukungena kwedatha, unxibelelwano

Ulawulo lwe-DSP/MCU, i-Ethernet/WiFi/RS485, iliso kwilifu, uhlaziyo lwe-firmware 

Isicelo

Ubungakanani beNkqubo

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

IiMfuno eziphambili

IGridi yokuHlala-Ibotshelelwe

3kW – 20kW

Inqanaba elinye, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-98%, 2 MPPT, iliso le-WiFi, iwaranti yeminyaka eyi-10

I-compact, ithule, ukufakwa lula, ukuvala ngokukhawuleza (NEC 2017)

IHybrid yokuhlala

5kW – 15kW

Ibhetri ye-48V, amandla okugcina, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lokusebenzisa, ukunyusa ukuzisebenzisa

I-UL 9540 (ibhetri), ukuhanjiswa okungenamthungo, ukusebenza kwe-24/7

Uphahla lwentengiso

20kW – 500kW

Isigaba sesithathu, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-98.5%, i-4-12 MPPT, ukubeka iliso kwintambo, iminyaka eyi-25 yobomi bokuyila

Ukuthembeka okuphezulu, ukugcinwa okuncinci, ukubeka iliso kude

I-Commercial Ground-Mount

100kW – 2MW

I-Central okanye intambo, i-1500V DC, unxibelelwano lwentambo yombane, ukuskena kwe-curve ye-IV

Esona sivuno siphezulu, ukwenziwa ngcono kwe-O&M, ukuguquguquka komhlaba

I-Utility-Scale PV

2MW – 10MW+

I-inverters ephakathi, i-1500V, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-MV transformer, isakhono sokwenza igridi

I-LCOE ephantsi, i-99% yokufumaneka, imisebenzi yenkxaso yegridi

Ugcino lwamandla

50kW – 5MW

I-Bidirectional, i-DC-coupled okanye i-AC-coupled, ukulawulwa rhoqo, ukucheba okuphezulu

Ukusebenza kakuhle kokujikeleza> 90%, ixesha lokuphendula <1s, ukuqina kwebhayisikile

Ngaphandle kweGridi/Ukude

1kW – 100kW

Isekwe kwibhetri, indibaniselwano yejenereyitha yedizili, ulawulo lomthwalo, imicrogrid ekwaziyo

Ukuthembeka okuphezulu, ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo, ukunyamezela okugqithisileyo kokusingqongileyo

Ukutshaja kwe-EV

50kW – 350kW

Ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC, amandla e-V2G, ukuxinana kwamandla aphezulu, ukupholisa ulwelo

I-99% yexesha lokuphumla, ukudibanisa intlawulo, iinkonzo zokulinganisa igridi 

Iqonga

Iinkcukacha zeNkqubo

Amanqaku okulawula umgangatho

INdibano yePCB (SMT)

Intaba yoxinano oluphezulu, izixhobo ze-0201, iiprosesa ze-BGA, i-lead-free solder (SAC305)

Ukuhlolwa kwe-AOI, i-X-reyi yee-BGAs, i-ICT (uvavanyo lwe-in-circuit), i-100% yokuqinisekisa ukusebenza

INdibano yeModyuli yaMandla

IGBT/SiC MOSFET fa attached, wire bonding (Al/Cu), encapsulation, thermal interface application material

Ukumelana ne-Thermal <0.5K/W, i-void-free die attach, amandla okutsalwa kwebhondi> 8g, i-100% yokuvala uvavanyo lombane

I-DC Link Capacitor Integration

Ukunyuswa kwe-Film capacitor, uqhagamshelo lwebha yebhasi, ukuncitshiswa kwe-ESL/ESR

I-Capacitance ± 5%, ESR <1mΩ, i-voltage ukumelana ne-1.5 × ilinganiswe, i-100% yokuvavanya ukuvuza

Ukujika kweMagnethi

I-inductors ephezulu, i-nanocrystalline okanye i-ferrite cores, i-Litz wire yokunciphisa isikhumba

I-Inductance ± 10%, ilahleko engundoqo <2W / kg, uvavanyo lwe-hipot 3kV, ukukhutshwa okuyingxenye <10pC

INdibano yeSinki yobushushu

I-Aluminiyam extrusion okanye ipleyiti ebandayo yolwelo, i-thermal paste / isicelo sephedi, ukufaka ulawulo lwetorque

Ukumelana ne-Thermal <0.3K / W, flatness <50μm, ukusabalalisa uxinzelelo olufanayo

INdibano yokugqibela

Ukudityaniswa kwe-Chassis, ukufakwa kwefeni yokupholisa, iimodyuli zokubonisa / zonxibelelwano, i-wiring harness

Ukuqhubekeka komhlaba <0.1Ω, ukucoceka / ukuqinisekiswa kwe-creepage, ukuphawula i-torque

Ukutshisa-ngaphakathi Testing

Ukusebenza kweyure ye-48-72 kwi-50 ° C, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili epheleleyo, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili eshushu

Ukubona ukungaphumeleli kwangaphambili, ukuhlolwa kokusweleka kweentsana, <0.5% izinga lokungaphumeleli

Uvavanyo lokugqibela oluzenzekelayo

Umlinganiselo wobuchule (IEC 61683), uqinisekiso lweMPPT, uvavanyo lomsebenzi wokhuselo, ukuthotyelwa kwekhowudi yegridi

Uvavanyo lwe-100%, ukuloga kwedatha, isatifikethi sokulinganisa, ukulandelwa kwenombolo ye-serial 

Icandelo

Inkcazo yezinto

Imigangatho yababoneleli

Iimpawu eziphambili

IiSemiconductors zamandla

I-Silicon IGBT (1200V-1700V, 200A-600A) okanye i-SiC MOSFET (1200V, 50mΩ)

IEC 60747-9, JEDEC

Ukutshintsha i-frequency 2-50kHz, Rds(on) <5mΩ, Tj(max) 175°C, i-short-circuit ukumelana ne-10μs

Abaqhubi beSango

Umqhubi wesango elizimeleyo ii-ICs, ukubekwa yedwa kumagnethi okanye okunamandla

UL 1577, IEC 60747-5

CMTI >100kV/μs, ukulibaziseka kosasazo <100ns, ukuvalwa kwe-undervoltage

DC Link Capacitors

Ifilimu ye-polypropylene enentsimbi, 400-1500V DC, 100-5000μF

IEC 61071

ESR <1mΩ, ESL <20nH, 100,000 ubomi beyure, ukuziphilisa

Imagnethi (ii-Inductors)

I-nanocrystalline okanye i-ferrite cores, i-Litz wire (Cu)

IEC 60404-8, IEC 60317

Ilahleko engundoqo <2W/kg kwi-100kHz, i-BSat> 1.2T, i-Curie temp>200°C

IiSinki Zobushushu

I-Aluminium 6063-T5 okanye ubhedu, i-anodized okanye i-nickel-plated

I-ASTM B221

I-Thermal conductivity 200W/mK, uburhabaxa bomphezulu iRa 1.6, ukuchasana nokugqwala

Ujongano lweThermal

Izinto zokutshintsha isigaba okanye igrisi ye-silicone, i-0.5-3W / mK

I-ASTM D5470

Ukumelana ne-Thermal <0.5K · cm²/W, ukuzinza kwexesha elide, akukho pump-out

Lawula iiPCBs

FR-4 TG170 okanye high-Tg, 4-12 umaleko, ukuntywiliselwa igolide

IPC-6012, UL 796

Tg > 170 ° C, CTI > 600V, ulawulo lwe-impedance ± 10%

Ii-MCUs/DSPs

I-ARM Cortex-M4/M7 okanye i-DSP ezinikeleyo, i-100-400MHz

IEC 60730 (ukhuseleko olusebenzayo)

SIL 2 ekwaziyo, hardware FPU, ECC memory, ubushushu -40°C ukuya +85°C

Indawo ebiyelweyo

Aluminiyam die-cast ADC12 okanye intsimbi, powder-coated

ISO 12944, IEC 60529

IP65 ukukala ngaphandle, C3/C4 ukuxhathisa umhlwa, IK08 impembelelo

Izihlanganisi

I-MC4 ye-DC, i-Harting ye-AC, i-RJ45 yonxibelelwano

IEC 62852, UL 6703

IP68, 30A eqhubekayo, 1000V DC, iminyaka engama-25 yokumelana ne-UV 

Umgangatho

Ububanzi

IiMfuno eziSebenzayo

IEC 62109-1/-2

Ukhuseleko lwabaguquli bamandla okusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamandla e-photovoltaic

Iimfuno ngokubanzi (Icandelo 1) kunye neemfuno ezithile zee-inverters (Icandelo 2)

IEC 61683

Iinkqubo ze-Photovoltaic - Ii-conditioners zamandla - Inkqubo yokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle

Ukulinganisa okusemgangathweni okusemgangathweni, ukusebenza kweMPPT, imilinganiselo yokwamkelwa 

IEC 62116

I-Utility-interconnected photovoltaic inverters - Inkqubo yokuvavanya imilinganiselo yokukhusela isiqithi

Ukuqinisekiswa kokukhuselwa kwesiqithi

IEC 61727

Iinkqubo ze-Photovoltaic - Iimpawu ze-interface ye-Utility

Iimfuno zoqhagamshelwano lwegridi, umgangatho wamandla

IEC 60068-2

Uvavanyo lokusingqongileyo

Ukuhamba ngebhayisekile okushushu, ubushushu obumanzi, uxinzelelo lomatshini

IEC 61000-6-2/-6-4

Ukungakhuseleki kwe-EMC kunye nokukhutshwa

Ukungakhuseleki kokusingqongileyo kwimizi-mveliso, indawo yokuhlala/yorhwebo

Uluhlu lovavanyo

Uvavanyo oluthile

Iinqobo zokwamkeleka

Ukhuseleko kunye noKhuseleko

Udidi olugqithisiweyo, idigri yongcoliseko, ukucocwa/ukukreqa

I-CAT III / IV, PD2 / 3, imvume ye-8mm kwi-1000V

Ukukhuselwa ngokuchasene nokothuka kombane (umlinganiselo we-IP)

IP20 ubuncinane (ngaphakathi), IP65 (ngaphandle)

Ukuqhubekeka komhlaba

<0.1Ω

Ukumelana ne-insulation

>1MΩ kwi-500V DC

Ukusebenza kweThermal

Uvavanyo lokunyuka kobushushu kumthwalo ogcweleyo

Amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwemilinganiselo ebekiweyo, Tj < Tj(max) - 25K

Ukuhamba ngebhayisekile ngeThermal (-40°C ukuya +85°C, imijikelo eyi-100)

Akukho kusilela koomatshini, akukho parameter drift> 5%

Umlinganiselo wobuchule (IEC 61683)

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-Euro (η) kwi-5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 100% umthwalo

> 97% ye-string inverters,> 98.5% kwiimodeli ze-premium

Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwindawo efanelekileyo yokusebenza

> 98% (i-transformerless), > i-96% (esekelwe kwi-transformer)

Ukusebenza kakuhle kweMPPT

I-Static>99.5%, dynamic>98%

Okusingqongileyo

Ubushushu obumanzi (40°C/93%RH, 96h okanye iintsuku ezingama-21)

Isebenza emva kokulungiswa, akukho mhlwa

Inkungu yetyuwa (IEC 60068-2-52, ubukhali 2)

Akukho mhlwa ochaphazela ukhuseleko okanye umsebenzi

Ukubonakaliswa kwe-UV (kwindawo ezivaliweyo zangaphandle)

Akukho ukuthotywa kweempawu zoomatshini

I-EMC

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) 8kV contact/15kV air

Akukho kungasebenzi kakuhle, akukho ngozi yokhuseleko

Ukugonywa kwemitha (10V/m, 80MHz-6GHz)

Ukusebenza ngexesha lovavanyo

Izinto ezikhutshwayo eziqhutywayo (CISPR 11/16)

Imida yodidi B kwindawo yokuhlala, udidi A lwemizi-mveliso

Ukuthotyelwa kweKhowudi yeGridi

I-Anti-isiqithi (IEC 62116)

Uhambo phakathi kwe-2s, indawo engabonwayo <5%

Ukukhwela umbane ophantsi (LVRT)

Hlala uqhagamshelwe ngexesha lokudipha kwamandla ombane

Ukukwazi ukusebenza ngamandla

Ukubonelela/ukufunxa iiVAR njengoko kufuneka 

Izinto eziphathekayo

Izinto Zokuhlola

Isicwangciso sesampulu

Izixhobo

Iimodyuli ze-IGBT/SiC

I-voltage yokuthintela, i-Rds (on), iimpawu zokutshintsha, ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo

I-100% yovavanyo lwe-ATE

I-Curve tracer, i-thermal impedance tester, i-X-reyi

DC link capacitors

I-Capacitance, i-ESR, i-ESL, ukuvuza kwangoku, i-dissipation factor

Ngebhetshi nganye + 100% engenayo

imitha ye-LCR, i-insulation tester, ibhulorho ye-AC

Iintsimbi zemagneti

I-Permeability, ilahleko engundoqo, i-B-H ijika, ukunyamezela komlinganiselo

Ngebhetshi nganye

Umhlalutyi we-BH, uhlalutyi lwe-impedance

PCBs

Ubalo lomaleko, i-impedance, i-solderability, ucoceko lwe-ionic

Ngebhetshi + yovavanyo lwesampulu

CMM, TDR, ion chromatography

Ubushushu butshona

Ukumelana ne-Thermal, ukuba tyaba, ukugqitywa komphezulu, ubukhulu

Ngebhetshi nganye

Umvavanyi we-Thermal interface, i-CMM, iprofilometer

Isitishi

Ulawulo lweeParamitha

Ukuphindaphinda

Indlela

Ukubekwa kwe-SMT

Indawo yecandelo, i-orientation, umthamo we-solder paste

100% AOI

Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuzenzekelayo

Ukuphinda kufakwe i-soldering

Inkangeleko yeqondo lobushushu (preheat, soak, reflow, cool), incopho ye245°C

Yonke ibhodi

Iprofayili ye-Thermal, ukuhlolwa kwe-X-reyi

Indibano yemodyuli yamandla

Die uncamathisele voids, amandla bond ucingo, interface thermal

Yonke imodyuli

Ukuskena imakroskophu yeacoustic, tsala umvavanyi

Indibano yokugqibela

Amaxabiso etorque, umzila wentambo, imigama yokucoca, ukumisa

Yonke iyunithi

Indibano ekhokelwayo ezenzekelayo, ukubeka iliso kwitorque

Ukulayishwa kwesoftware

Inguqulelo yeFirmware, useto lweparameter, iiprothokholi zonxibelelwano

100%

Iprogramu ezenzekelayo, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-checksum

Into yovavanyo

Umgangatho

Ubungakanani beSampuli

Igalelo/imveliso yombane/ukuchaneka kwangoku

±1% yokufunda

100%

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi zomthwalo (IEC 61683)

> I-97% ye-Euro esebenzayo

100%

Ukuchaneka kokulandelela kweMPPT

I-Static>99.5%, dynamic>98%

100%

Ukuqinisekiswa komsebenzi wokukhusela (i-OV, i-UV, i-OC, i-OT, impazamo yomhlaba)

Uhambo ngexesha elichaziweyo

100%

Ukumelana ne-insulation (igalelo-imveliso, i-input-ground, i-output-ground)

>1MΩ @ 1000V DC

100%

Idielectric ukumelana (hi-pot)

2kV AC okanye 3kV DC, 60s

100%

Ukuqhubekeka komhlaba

<0.1Ω

100%

Ukuvuza kwangoku (i-touch current, i-conductor yangoku ekhuselayo)

<3.5mA AC, <10mA DC

100%

Ukuthotyelwa kwangaphambili kwe-EMC (ukukhutshwa okuqhutywayo)

Imida yeKlasi A/B

I-AQL 1.0

Uvavanyo lokutshisa ngaphakathi (48h kwi-50 ° C, umthwalo ogcweleyo)

<0.5% izinga lokungaphumeleli

100%

Ukupakishwa kwemfezeko (ukwehla, ukungcangcazela, ukuphakama)

ISTA 3E, ASTM D4169

Ngokweqashiso 

ICandelo leZixhobo

Ukucaciswa komatshini

Umsebenzi

Umthamo

Imigca ye-SMT

Isantya esiphezulu sokukhetha kunye nendawo (ASM SIPLACE, 100,000 CPH)

Ukubekwa kwecandelo, 01005 ukuya ku-50×50mm

500,000 PCBs/ngenyanga

Hlaziya ii-Oveni

I-10-zone nitrogen reflow (Heller, Rehm)

Ukusoda okungenalothe, ulawulo lweprofayili ±2°C

300,000 PCBs/ngenyanga

INdibano yeModyuli yaMandla

I-vacuum soldering, ukubopha ucingo (K&S, ASM)

Imodyuli ye-IGBT/SiC incamathele, i-ultrasonic bonding

Iimodyuli ezingama-50,000/ngenyanga

Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo

Iinkqubo zeATE (Chroma, NH Research)

I-100% yokusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, uvavanyo lokukhusela

10,000 iiyunithi / ngosuku

Ukutshiswa kwamagumbi

Ukuhamba-ngaphakathi kwamagumbi okusingqongileyo (ESPEC, Weiss)

I-48-72h yokutshisa ngaphakathi, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili eshushu

5,000 iiyunithi ngaxeshanye

Uvavanyo lwe-EMC

Igumbi le-3m/10m elinechoic, lenziwe ilebhu ye-EMI

Ukuthotyelwa kwangaphambili kunye novavanyo lwesiqinisekiso

Iiyunithi ezingama-50 / ngeveki

Uvavanyo lweNdalo

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-Thermal, isitshizi setyuwa, i-UV, uvavanyo lwe-IP

Ukuthotyelwa kwe-IEC 60068-2, IEC 60529

Iiyunithi ezili-100 / ngeveki

Udidi lweMveliso

Ngenyanga Umthamo

Ixesha elimiselweyo lokukhokela

Umyalelo ongxamisekileyo

Iziguquli zeentambo zokuhlala (3-10kW)

10,000 iiyunithi

4-5 iiveki

Iintsuku ezi-5

Iziguquli zeentambo zoRhwebo (20-150kW)

5,000 iiyunithi

4-5 iiveki

Iintsuku ezisi-7

Iziguquli ezingaphakathi (500kW-3MW)

500 iiyunithi

Iiveki ezi-6-8

Iiveki ezi-3

Iziguquli zeHybrid (5-20kW)

Iiyunithi ezingama-30,000

4-5 iiveki

Iintsuku ezisi-7

IMicroinverters (300-2000W)

Iiyunithi ezingama-200,000

Iiveki ezi-2-3

Iintsuku ezi-5

ISebe

Abasebenzi

Ubungcali

Uxanduva

Ubunjineli beR&D

5

iinjineli

I-elektroniki yamandla, iinkqubo zokulawula, isoftware edibeneyo, ulawulo lwe-thermal, ukuhlanganiswa kwegridi

Uphuhliso lwemveliso entsha, ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha, ipotifoliyo yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza (100+ amalungelo abenzi)

Ubunjineli beNkqubo

Iinjineli ezingama-30

I-SMT, indibano yemodyuli yamandla, uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo, iShishini 4.0

Ukulungiswa kwemveliso, ukuphuculwa kwesivuno (> 99%), ukunciphisa iindleko

Uvavanyo kunye noQinisekiso

Iinjineli ezingama-25

IEC 62109, IEC 61683, iikhowudi zegridi, EMC, ubunjineli obuthembekileyo

Uvavanyo lodidi, ulawulo lwesatifikethi, uhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli, uvavanyo lobomi olukhawulezileyo

Ubunjineli besicelo

Iinjineli ezingama-20

Uyilo lwenkqubo yePV, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ukudibanisa igridi, iO&M

Inkxaso yobugcisa bomthengi, uyilo lwenkqubo, ukugunyaziswa, uqeqesho

Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho

40 amagcisa

ISO 9001, ISO 14001, IATF 16949, ulawulo lwenkqubo yamanani

Uphicotho lwababoneleli, uphicotho lwenkqubo, ilebhu ye-metrology, inyathelo lolungiso